Todd Hollon
Publications
The complete list of MLiNS Lab publications.
2026
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NEJM AI · 2026An editorial on why specialized models remain essential for medical AI, using neurovascular imaging as a case study for the limits of general-purpose systems and the need for domain-specific benchmarking.
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NATURE MEDICINE · 2026A Nature Medicine Research Briefing on NeuroVFM. Trained with Vol-JEPA on 5.24M CT and MRI series from 566,915 routine clinical studies - without diagnostic labels or paired reports - the model reached state-of-the-art accuracy across 82 CT and 74 MRI diagnostic tasks, and in a silent prospective study of 1,155 consecutive studies achieved 92.6% balanced triage accuracy against 71.2% for GPT-5.
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NATURE MEDICINE · 2026
NeuroVFM is a visual foundation model trained on 5.24M clinical MRI and CT volumes via health system learning, a paradigm that learns directly from uncurated data generated during routine clinical care. Using a scalable volumetric joint-embedding predictive architecture, it delivers state-of-the-art radiologic diagnosis and report generation with interpretable visual grounding, surpassing frontier models in accuracy, triage, and expert preference while reducing hallucinations.
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NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING · 2026Introduces Prima, a visual foundation model for brain MRI trained at health-system scale for diagnosis, triage, and clinically grounded decision support.
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COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION · 2026Standard contrastive language-image pre-training can neglect objects in visual scenes. ItemizedCLIP forces models to learn and attend to all described items, resulting in better visual representations.
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COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION · 2026
Recent visual agents can score well while using image tools unfaithfully-e.g., cropping irrelevant regions or ignoring tool outputs. CodeV represents tools as executable Python code and trains with Tool-Aware Policy Optimization (TAPO), using process-level rewards on visual tool inputs and outputs to improve both accuracy and faithful tool use on search and broader multimodal benchmarks.
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TRANSACTIONS ON MACHINE LEARNING RESEARCH · 2026Vision-language pre-training for volumetric MRI and CT is usually limited by radiologist-curated datasets. HLIP instead uses hierarchical attention over slice, scan, and study to pre-train on uncurated clinical data at scale, boosting performance on public brain MRI and head CT benchmarks.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2026A multi-institutional spatial analysis characterizing where IDH-mutant gliomas arise in the brain, informing surgical planning, sampling, and interpretation of tumor biology across centers.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2026
This study applies natural language processing to automatically extract key glioma molecular markers from pathology reports, enabling scalable clinical data curation for research and decision support.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2026
CNS-Obsidian is a neurosurgical vision-language model trained on multimodal data from CNS Publications journals, progressing from general and medical VLMs to a specialty-specific expert for differential diagnosis, education, and clinical dialogue. A blinded randomized trial evaluates CNS-Obsidian as a multimodal co-pilot for neurosurgical diagnosis against GPT-4o with provider feedback.
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NEUROSURGERY PRACTICE · 2026
An automated pipeline extracts structured text, figures, and captions from neurosurgical manuscripts and procedurally generates journal-style graphical abstracts, scaling visual summaries for research dissemination.
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JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY · 2026
A retrospective database analysis identifies factors associated with complications after stereotactic biopsy for suspected CNS lymphoma, informing safer biopsy planning and perioperative management.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2026A retrospective study of 616 stereotactic brain biopsies develops and validates pre- and postoperative risk scores for early hospice enrollment, identifying patients least likely to benefit from the procedure. Age, basal ganglia target, mental status deficits, KPS score, prolonged ICU stay, and grade 4 glioma were independent predictors.
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NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE · 2026This work uses AI-enabled label-free Raman spectromics for rapid intraoperative spinal tumor assessment, supporting real-time tissue characterization during surgery.
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NEURO-ONCOLOGY ADVANCES · 2026This review synthesizes advances in intelligent histology for neurosurgery, highlighting how stimulated Raman histology and modern machine learning are converging to support faster, more precise intraoperative decision-making.
2025
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ARXIV · 2025This work extends the SEEDS superpixel algorithm from 2D to 3D volumes as 3D SEEDS, reporting substantially faster supervoxel generation and improved segmentation quality across diverse medical imaging tasks.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY, BIOLOGY, PHYSICS · 2025
An interim phase 2 analysis of mpMRI-guided, response-adaptive chemoradiation for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, evaluating feasibility and early outcomes of individualized dose adaptation.
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NEURO-ONCOLOGY · 2025This study combines stimulated Raman histology and deep learning for fast intraoperative detection of primary CNS lymphoma and differentiation from other common CNS tumors.
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SCIENCE ADVANCES · 2025Supervised machine learning models predict clinical trial enrollment for adults with low- and high-grade glioma from routine data, with the goal of improving accrual and matching patients to studies.
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NEUROSURGERY FOCUS · 2025
This external-cohort study validates SpinePose for automated spinopelvic parameter prediction from scoliosis radiographs, demonstrating generalizability across institutions.
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SMALL · 2025
This preclinical study shows that HDL nanodiscs carrying a liver X receptor agonist reduce glioma burden and improve long-term survival in mouse models.
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NATURE · 2025FastGlioma is a computational pathology model for real-time detection of glioma infiltration at the surgical margin, outperforming the current standard of care.
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STAR PROTOCOLS · 2025This protocol provides a reproducible workflow for single-cell annotation and segmentation in stimulated Raman histology, enabling scalable dataset curation and model training for computational pathology studies.
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CANCERS (BASEL) · 2025This review summarizes the intraoperative role of Raman spectroscopy in neurosurgical oncology, covering technical principles, current applications, and translational opportunities.
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NEURIPS UNIREPS WORKSHOP · 2025CLIPred is a framework that jointly optimizes the I-JEPA self-supervision and CLIP language supervision objectives for visual representation learning, outperforming either alone and achieving better zero-shot transfer than DINOv2+CLIP at lower training cost.
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AAAI · 2025This paper introduces Restorative Step-Calibrated Diffusion (RSCD) for biomedical optical image restoration, improving reconstruction fidelity by adapting denoising dynamics to the characteristics of microscopy data.
2024
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NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING · 2024
Paired stimulated Raman histology and fluorescence microscopy map protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) during glioma resection, linking 5-ALA fluorescence to tissue context for more interpretable intraoperative guidance.
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NEURIPS AIM-FM WORKSHOP · 2024
This study introduces Slide Pre-trained Transformers (SPT), a self-supervised framework for whole-slide representation learning that captures multiscale histologic structure to support downstream pathology tasks with limited manual annotation.
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NEURIPS FITML WORKSHOP · 2024
SimCLIP is a generalized framework for CLIP fine-tuning that constructs minibatches containing clusters of similar image-text pairs to produce harder in-batch negatives, improving downstream performance over standard CLIP fine-tuning without hand-crafted hard negative captions.
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CVPR WORKSHOP · 2024
This work proposes Masked Slice Diffusion for Super-Resolution (MSDSR), a strategy for volumetric biomedical super-resolution trained with only 2D supervision, enabling high-quality 3D reconstruction when fully paired 3D labels are scarce.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY SPINE · 2024
This work introduces and validates an AI model for automated spinopelvic parameter estimation from imaging, aiming to improve speed and consistency in preoperative spinal alignment assessment.
2023
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LANCET ONCOLOGY · 2023A phase 1, first-in-human trial of combined cytotoxic and immune-stimulatory gene therapy delivered to the resection cavity in adults with primary high-grade glioma, reporting safety and early efficacy signals.
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COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION · 2023
HiDisc is a self-supervised learning method that leverages the inherent patient-slide-patch hierarchy of biomedical microscopy to learn stronger visual representations without explicit negative mining.
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ACL Repl4NLP Workshop · 2023This paper introduces a diffusion-based approach for fine-grained text style transfer, improving controllability while preserving semantic content.
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NATURE MEDICINE · 2023
Diffuse gliomas are classified using the molecular features. DeepGlioma predicts the molecular genetics of brain tumors within minutes of biopsy, in the operating room, to better inform surgical goals.
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MED · 2023This perspective discusses how deep learning can accelerate inference of clinically relevant glioma genetics from imaging and tissue data.
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NEOPLASIA · 2023
This study links recurrence in glioblastoma to subclonal expansion of spatially distinct THY1-positive populations, highlighting mechanisms of progression and resistance.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY X · 2023This analysis compares volumetric and linear imaging metrics for predicting shunt dependence after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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STAR PROTOCOLS · 2023
This protocol establishes 3D ex vivo glioma explant slice models from mouse and patient tissue for integrated confocal time-lapse imaging and spatial analysis.
2022
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NEURIPS DATASETS & BENCHMARKS · 2022
OpenSRH is the first public dataset of clinical stimulated Raman histology images from brain tumor patients, released alongside benchmarks to accelerate machine learning research for intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis.
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PITUITARY · 2022
This study builds a new pituitary imaging resource by combining open-source scans with deep volumetric segmentation, enabling larger and more standardized datasets for pituitary AI research.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2022
A practical overview of federated learning for multi-site clinical research in neurosurgery: how models can be trained collaboratively without centralizing raw patient data, and what that means for governance and discovery.
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CUREUS · 2022
This case report details diagnosis and surgical management of a rare perigeniculate giant cell tumor of the temporal bone.
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MLHC · 2022
This work presents an optical imaging plus AI workflow for single-cell phenotyping, enabling quantitative cellular characterization in complex tissue.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2022
This operative report describes thoracic laminectomy technique for resection of a symptomatic cavernous malformation, with practical surgical considerations.
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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS · 2022Spatiotemporal profiling of glioma heterogeneity implicates COL1A1 in the tumor microenvironment as a tractable target to slow progression, connecting matrix biology to therapeutic opportunity. The MLiNS lab contributed a semantic segmentation model to detect oncostreams in brain tumor microscopy images, supporting quantitative analysis of tumor architecture.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2022
This study demonstrates rapid AI-assisted analysis of intraoperative optical images from skull base tumor specimens to support real-time surgical decisions.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2022
This review synthesizes evidence on extent-of-resection in skull base neurosurgery and outlines key priorities for future outcome-driven research.
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OPERATIVE NEUROSURGERY · 2022This technical note describes a cranio-orbital approach for single-stage en bloc resection of optic nerve glioma, emphasizing operative strategy and exposure.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2022
This case-based report highlights microsurgical management of a ruptured lenticulostriate artery aneurysm, including decision-making for a rare vascular lesion.
2021
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FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY · 2021
This review examines spatiotemporal heterogeneity in high-grade glioma and its implications for tumor biology, progression, and treatment design.
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OPERATIVE NEUROSURGERY · 2021
This operative video article details a lateral suboccipital approach with staged decompression and fusion for a C1-C2 synovial cyst causing cord compression.
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JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY · 2021
This review outlines Raman-based, label-free brain tumor imaging methods and their potential to improve intraoperative diagnosis and margin assessment.
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NEURO-ONCOLOGY · 2021
This study demonstrates that stimulated Raman histology with deep neural networks can identify diffuse glioma recurrence intraoperatively, supporting rapid distinction between recurrent tumor and treatment-related changes.
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METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY · 2021
This methods chapter reviews practical considerations for clinical deployment of stimulated Raman histology, from instrumentation to intraoperative workflow.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2021
This study evaluates ventricular volume dynamics as predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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NEUROLOGY INDIA · 2021
This report describes a far lateral craniotomy technique for safe obliteration of a high-risk craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistula.
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ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA · 2021
This case series characterizes idiopathic chronic temporal lobe herniation associated with epilepsy and discusses diagnostic and surgical management considerations.
2020
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY PEDIATRICS · 2020
This study defines normative trajectories of cerebral ventricular volume growth in childhood to support pediatric neuroimaging interpretation.
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CNS ONCOLOGY · 2020
This work presents an early machine learning framework for automated CNS tumor histologic diagnosis, showing how computational analysis can augment intraoperative pathology interpretation.
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NATURE MEDICINE · 2020
A deep learning workflow combining stimulated Raman histology with convolutional neural networks delivers near real-time intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis, matching pathologist accuracy while compressing turnaround from ~30 minutes to under 150 seconds.
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MOLECULAR & CELLULAR ONCOLOGY · 2020
This article presents an end-to-end tissue-to-diagnosis pipeline that integrates intraoperative stimulated Raman histology with deep learning classification.
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MLHC · 2020
This paper develops weakly supervised denoising for stimulated Raman histology to improve image quality in label-free microscopy of human brain tumors.
2019
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BMC MEDICINE · 2019
This translational study evaluates synthetic HDL nanoparticles as a therapeutic strategy for Niemann-Pick disease, with evidence of improved disease-relevant outcomes.
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NEUROSURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA · 2019
This review compares adjunctive intraoperative technologies that increase extent of resection, including MRI, fluorescence guidance, and Raman histology.
2018
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2018
This study develops a machine learning model to forecast early postoperative outcomes after pituitary adenoma surgery, supporting risk stratification and perioperative planning.
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CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE · 2018
This work identifies predictors of ICU-level needs after supratentorial brain tumor resection and validates a risk score to guide postoperative triage and resource allocation.
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CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH · 2018This commentary discusses emerging biological and clinical implications of IDH1 mutation in gliomas.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY · 2018
This outcomes study reports complication profiles and survival metrics after surgical treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma.
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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE · 2018
This article describes a rare presentation of primary diffuse leptomeningeal melanomatosis and offers practical diagnostic and management recommendations.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2018
This study investigates mechanisms of postoperative microvascular brainstem ischemia after vestibular schwannoma surgery using clinical and microanatomic data.
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CANCER RESEARCH · 2018This paper extends stimulated Raman histology to pediatric neurosurgery, showing rapid, label-free intraoperative assessment of pediatric brain tumors to help guide operative management.
2017
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OPERATIVE NEUROSURGERY · 2017
This paper outlines indications and technique for ventriculoscopic treatment of cystic retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas and reports short-term clinical outcomes in treated patients.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2017
This case series reports retrochiasmatic suprasellar lesions presenting with Korsakoff syndrome and documents rapid cognitive reversal after decompression.
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NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING · 2017
This study established stimulated Raman histology as a practical intraoperative microscopy method, enabling rapid, label-free visualization of fresh surgical tissue and laying the groundwork for real-time computational neuropathology.
2016
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JOURNAL OF NEUROINTERVENTIONAL SURGERY · 2016
This case report describes subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured cavernous ICA aneurysm after medical prolactinoma therapy, highlighting a rare neurovascular complication.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2016
This cohort study of 109 adults with supratentorial hemispheric ependymoma characterizes survival outcomes and prognostic factors to inform treatment planning and follow-up.
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PM&R · 2016
This case report describes delayed sciatic neuropathy caused by myositis ossificans traumatica and discusses diagnosis and treatment timing.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2016
This review discusses Raman-based intraoperative technologies that can improve brain tumor surgery accuracy through real-time tissue characterization.
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WORLD NEUROSURGERY · 2016
This case-focused report summarizes surgical management considerations for rare skull base Rosai-Dorfman disease.
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NEUROSURGERY · 2016
This long-term single-center analysis reports outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease, identifying patterns in remission and recurrence over three decades of care.
2015
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JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY · 2015
This pediatric case report documents radiographic evolution and clinical course after rupture of a cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst.
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SEMINARS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY · 2015
This review summarizes modern surgical strategies for low-grade glioma, including operative planning, mapping, and extent-of-resection considerations.
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CHILD'S NERVOUS SYSTEM · 2015
This case report highlights a skull fracture presentation that mimicked eosinophilic granuloma, emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls in pediatric skull lesions.
2013
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ONCOIMMUNOLOGY · 2013
This study links glioblastoma tumor-suppressor pathway mutations with oncomodulatory cytomegalovirus activity, supporting a context-dependent disease model.
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CANCER RESEARCH · 2013
This paper demonstrates that cytomegalovirus can promote glioblastoma progression in models with specific tumor suppressor mutations.
